Beijing Sammies Essay

The AGROVOC Concept Server (AGROVOC/CS) Workbench is an online workplace comprising of various functionalities for the circulated administration and upgrade of the AGROVOC/CS worked from the AGROVOC thesaurus. Following the Semantic Web’s vision, that underlines joint effort in the improvement of information and metadata to be shared and reused over the web, the administration of AGROVOC will continuously be moved from a couple of people in FAO to a more extensive network of global AGROVOC specialists. These intrigued and skilled clients will share the synergistic upkeep and expansion of AGROVOC, one of the most regularly utilized expressed assets for rural data the board on the planet. Support of things to come expanded AGROVOC will therefore be totally decentralized with individuals overall adding to its turn of events. This report gives a concise note on the specialized parts of the AGROVOC/CS Workbench. Specialized subtleties †¢ Multilingual web interface and substance (UTF8). †¢ The product is created in unadulterated JAVA (variant 1. 5. x), without any calls to any outsider modules requiring precompiled DLLs or other working framework explicit highlights. †¢ The Google Web Toolkit (GWT) is utilized with an Eclipse module for improvement of the framework. It is utilized to manufacture the framework as a completely Java based AJAX customer program application that is good with all normal internet browsers. †¢ Where conceivable the JSP 2. 0 Expression Language (EL) is utilized for any JSP improvement inside the task (it’s a method of composing content less JSP pages). Protege OWL programming interface structure is utilized to associate OWL. †¢ MySQL is utilized as RDBMS. †¢ The framework is DBMS-autonomous. Extra database deliberation layer for interfacing with the OWL spine and the social database will be utilized (e. g. the sleep industriousness and question administration, and so on ). The framework follows FAO rules for HTML distributing: †¢ Rules for Web website advancement; †¢ File naming show and record association rules; †¢ Check list for the freedom of Web locales. In synopsis, the framework depends on the accompanying segments: Development segments †¢ Eclipse 3. 2 †¢ JAVA-JDK variant jdk1. 5. x †¢ Apache Tomcat (that bolsters JSP and JAVA Servlets) Google Web Toolkit (for AJAX structure), variant 1. 4. 60 †¢ Google Web Toolkit Incubator, adaptation 1. 4 †¢ Protege OWL API 3. 4 libraries †¢ Hibernate 3. 0 libraries †¢ Hibernate 4 GWT, variant 0. 5 RC2 †¢ MySQL adaptation 5 Server side †¢ Windows XP, Windows 2000, or Linux †¢ Apache Tomcat 5. 5. 9 or higher †¢ JAVA-JDK rendition jdk1. 5. x or higher †¢ MySQL rendition 5 or higher †¢ Protege OWL API 3. 4 libraries †¢ Hibernate 3. 0 libraries †¢ Hibernate 4 GWT, adaptation 0. 5 RC2 †¢ WAR document with assembled JAVA records and important libraries Current Server Configuration â⠂¬ ¢ OS : Debian GNU/Linux 2. 6. 22-2 †¢ CPU: AMD 64 piece †¢ Memory: 8GB †¢ MYSQL form: 5. 0. 45 TOMCAT Version: 6. 0. 14 †¢ Java-JDK: 1. 6. 0_04 Required Application 1. MySQL rendition 5 or above Available connect to download: http://dev. mysql. com/downloads/2. Apache Ant form 1. 7. 1 or above Available connect to download: http://insect. apache. organization/3. JAVA JDK adaptation jdk. 1. 5. x or above Available connect to download: http://java. sun. com/javase/downloads/file. jsp 4. Apache Tomcat form 6 or above Available connect to download: http://tomcat. apache. organization/download-55. cgi 5. Protege Version 3. 4 beta Build 130 Available connect to download: http://protege. cim3. net/download/old-discharges/3. 4%20betas/form 130/full/6. GWT Version 1. 4 Build 1. 4. 62 Accessible connect to download: http://code. google. com/webtoolkit/renditions. html The Step of Configuration 1. Download AGROVOC Concept Server Workbench code from the CVS Server. 2. Download the sql content from CVS Server at envelope named sql. Make the database. †¢ Run the sql content document situated at your_directorySQLadministrator_agrovocwb _v_0_2_beta. sql This will introduce administrator_agrovocwb database. †¢ Run sql content document to introduce the owl model database situated at your_directorySQLlank model _v_0_2_beta. sql Here we have given clear owl model. †¢ You can change over owl document legitimately to database by utilizing remain solitary java program situated at: our_directorysrcorgfaoaoscsserverprotegeconvertToDatabaseProject. java †¢ You need the change the factors in the document. |18 private last static String url = â€Å"jdbc:mysql://†; | |19 private last static String table = â€Å"†; | |20 private last static String c lient = â€Å"†; | |21 private last static String secret key = â€Å"†; | |22 private last static String uri = â€Å"file:/c:/†; | 3. To include model in the metaphysics list, go to database and table and addition new line with these qualities. Metaphysics id: (Auto increase) †¢ Ontology Name: Blank Model †¢ Ontology Description: AGROVOC Concept Server Workbench †Blank AOS Module †¢ Database URL: jdbc:mysql://:3306/? requireSSL=false&useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8 †¢ Database Driver: com. mysql. jdbc. Driver †¢ Table Name: †¢ Database Username: †¢ Database Password: †¢ Display Ontology on the rundown: 0 for stow away and 1 for Show 4. Use java editorial manager to †¢ Change the setup of the sleep record that situated in your_directorysrchibernate. cfg. xml Change the property of your association secret phrase rather than â€Å"your_password† and change the property of your association url rather than â€Å"your_url†. 13 your_password | |14 jdbc:mysql://your_url | †¢ Change the setup of the database properties that situated in your _directorysrcorgfaoaoscsserverowlDatabaseConnection. properties Change the property of your username of database rather than â€Å"your_username† and change the property of your secret key of database rather than â€Å"your_password†. |4 userAdminDB = your_username | |5 passwordAdminDB = your_password | †¢ Change the arrangement of the mail record that situated in your_directory srcorgfaoaoscsutilityMail. properties Change the property of your host name rather than â€Å"your_mailserver_host†, change the property of your port rather than â€Å"your_port†, change the property of your client rather than â€Å"your_user†, change the property of your secret phrase rather than â€Å"your_password† and change the property of your from data rather than â€Å"sender_email†. |1 host=your_mailserver_host | |2 port=your_port | |3 user=your_user | |4 password=your_password | |5 from= sender_email | †¢ Run assemble record to make war document utilizing Apache ANT. 5. Duplicate the war record to organizer of tomcat establishment catalog. 6. You can utilize the program by opening your program and type †¢ http://localhost:8080/your_project_name

Gender and Age Difference in Profile Pictures Analysis

Sexual orientation and Age Difference in Profile Pictures Analysis Michael Ngo Unique Does Gender influence the quantity of profile pictures posted on Facebook? Does age influence various subjects in a profile picture? This investigation tries to locate the expected inspiration and character qualities related with an online conduct activity. The theories center around age and sexual orientation, two factors that could clarify a few contrasts or likenesses in conduct. A non-test content investigation was utilized as the structure with an example size of 50 members (25 female and 25 guys). The age bunch was partitioned into two develops: youthful (11-20 years of age) and old (21-30 years of age). The measurable test found no hugeness in sex influencing the quantity of profile pictures and age influencing the subjects in profile pictures. Further examination and confinements will be talked about later. Sex and Age Difference in Profile Pictures Content Analysis Media, a term including broadcasting medium, for example, paper, TV, radio, and web use, is continually being examined for its substance and its impact on clients intellectual, enthusiastic, and social practices. From the ongoing shootings of unarmed people to Trumps endeavor at changing the wellbeing arrangements to nearby school good cause victories, every media source gives an outlet to understudies to respond and change their viewpoints. Additionally, media use by understudies might give specialists significant information on their social, passionate, and intellectual states. Long range informal communication has developed and is keeping developing all through the previous decade. Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram, and Tumblr are the absolute most well known person to person communication locales as of now (Pempek, Yermolayeva, Calvert, 2009). Understudies utilize informal communities to communicate using pictures, notices, posts, and talks. These online articulations could likewise influence the first banners watchers and the clients themselves like the bigger scope media source. Facebook, one of the most generally utilized system, can give an extraordinary wellspring of data, particularly about school-matured understudies. Through Facebook, clients can share their contemplations through posts and remarks, share joins and other media to gatherings, and transfer pictures of themselves or their companions. The reason for this paper is to investigate the possible inspirations, mental components, and character qualities behind Facebook clients profile pictures. It is essential to take note of that to gauge a people inspiration and character, a specialist must order a progression of test, studies, and physical cooperations among different variables. The purpose of this exploration is to look at photograph related variables and writing audits to determine possible explanations behind the clients activity. This momentum study presents the consequences of a substance investigation tending to the accompanying examination question: do sexual orientation and age influence the quantity of profile pictures and the quantity of subjects in a profile picture? In the investigation, there are two speculations: Female clients will have a higher number of profile pictures than male clients in their collections and more youthful individuals (age 11-20) will have higher quantities of subjects in their profile pictures than more seasoned individuals (ages 21-30). Writing Review In the course of recent years, there has been an expansion in the quantity of companion investigated articles on long range interpersonal communication destinations. A considerable lot of these examinations investigate how mental factors, for example, character attributes impact the utilization of person to person communication locales. Character attributes incorporate neuroticism, extraversion, low confidence, and narcissism when utilizing Facebook (Skues, Williams, Wise, 2012). A few examinations guarantee that members who were individuals from more gatherings on Facebook had revealed more significant levels of extraversion than those with lower levels of extraversion (Skues et al., 2012). Extraverted individuals use Facebook to keep up associations with their companions and participate in social exercises disconnected and on the web. This would clarify the littler social gathering participation among contemplative people and the bigger gathering enrollment for extraverts. Extraversion could clarify why a few people transfer more profile pictures than others. With a bigger companion gathering, an individual is increasingly disposed to refresh their photographs so their companions can perceive what's going on in the clients life. Understudies use Facebook to keep in contact with companions and to tell others increasingly about themselves (Pempek et al., 2011). Clients may transfer pictures of themselves with various subjects to feature their system and fello wship. Subjects may incorporate ones gathering of companions with contemplates demonstrating that both the amount and nature of photographs showed impression of closeness by watchers (Mendelson Papacharissi, 2010). The inspiration driving why clients would do this could be to look for peer input and approval from companions. A thoughtful individual may not discover the need to as often as possible update their profile pictures for their companions. Neuroticism is another attribute that has been found to influence how people use Facebook. In spite of the fact that there are clashing discoveries. For instance, an investigation has discovered that people with higher neuroticism levels were less ready to share any close to home data, however favored posting on the divider contrasted with transferring photographs (Skues et al., 2012). Another investigation found that high psychotic people were bound to not show their face in pictures than low masochist people (Liu, Moghaddam, Preotiuc-Pietro, Samani, Ungar, 2016). The two people with changing neuroticism levels were slanted to share individual data when contrasted with a center accomplice. With differentiating information, it is hard to utilize neuroticism as a factor for clarifying the distinctions in profile pictures by sexual orientation (Liu et al., 2016). Confidence might be another characteristic that would serve to clarify a few people inspiration for their profile pictures. Be that as it may, there are blended discovering identifying with the connection between confidence and utilizing Facebook. An investigation recommends that clients with low confidence invested more energy in Facebook and that Facebook may give a medium to repay to their low confidence (Thompson Lougheed, 2012). Different investigations show that Facebook positively affects confidence as clients are permitted to post what they need the general population to see. In many cases, clients would post positive qualities and altered photographs of themselves to help their confidence. In conclusion, different investigations found that there is no significant relationship among Facebook and confidence (Skues et al., 2012). In Facebook, where revealing data about oneself and connecting with others is the reason, specialists thought that it was important to inspect narcissism and how it can assume a job in a clients profile. One examination has indicated that more significant levels of narcissism anticipated more client data and photographs posted and increasingly social communication (Skues et al., 2012). Narcissistic people are bound to check Facebook all the more as often as possible and invest more energy in the site (Thompson Lougheed, 2012). There is a likely relationship between's people with high narcissism and the quantity of profile pictures. The higher the quantity of profile pictures may identify with the people love towards themselves. Be that as it may, even with the expansion in contemplates, there are as yet missing holes in the writing identifying with the character and inspiration examination from profile pictures particularly in the diverse age and sexual orientation gatherings. The investigations referenced above analyzes the impact of a couple of mental factors on Facebook use and not the simultaneous impacts of different factors. There is just a couple of select investigation that tends to this hole. One examination claims from reviews taken by their members that Facebook clients are progressively outgoing and have more significant levels of narcissism contrasted with non-Facebook clients. In any case, a nearby survey of this investigation shows that the connection is frail and needs more exploration inspecting the mental factors at the same time. Since exploring the inspiration and potential character characteristics for sexual orientation and age contrasts in profile picture is a genuinely new territory of examination, this paper serves to add to the continuous investigations and give further examination. This investigation will address the greatness and presence of social sexual orientation and age contrasts. Facebook was picked as the fundamental person to person communication site on the grounds that Facebook clients are differing, socially and socially, and their conduct is more normal than other customary examples. (Tifferet Vilnai-Yavetz, 2014). Two theories were concentrated through profile pictures investigation for various sexual orientation and age gatherings. H1 Female clients will have a higher number of profile pictures than male clients in their collections. H2 Younger individuals (matured 11-20) will have a higher number of subjects in their profile pictures than more established individuals (matured 21-30). Strategy Exploration Design and Procedures A non-trial examination was picked for this investigation. The profile picture information was gathered from my rundown of a functioning Facebook companion by using an irregular number generator on the web. Every irregular number spoke to a companion on my rundown. For instance, the number four would compare to the fourth companion on my companions list. An example of 50 companions was utilized with 25 from females and 25 from guys. The models for the subjects to partake in this examination is to be inside the age of 11-30. On the off chance that a planned member was picked and didn't fit the age gathering, I would continue to the following accessible individual. Measures Regardless of whether age and sexual orientation influenced Facebook clients profile pictures was the focal point of this examination. Sexual orientation contrasts (male or female) and the quantity of profile pictures were the indicator variable and model variable, separately, of the principal theory. Age contrasts and number of subjects in profile pictures are the primary focal point of the subsequent speculation. Two age bunches were characterized, youthful with individuals ages 11-20 and more seasoned with individuals ages 21-30, for the indicator variable. The basis variable,

Late Again Essays - Rick Grimes, , Term Papers

Late Again The mists had moved in before that night. It was bleak climate, however it wasn't coming down yet. Rick and Jodie let their fifteen-year-old little girl go to a gathering that night. She had a time limit yet she was late?again. They were sitting at the kitchen table having a conversation, and hanging tight for the moment she strolled through the entryway. ?Damn her, she realizes that her time limitation was at 12 PM and it's now three, this is the last time she goes to a gathering,? he said as he stood up and strolled around the kitchen. ?In any case, Rick cried Jodie. ?No buts, she's done this one too often.? ?Give her one increasingly possibility.? Jodie argued, tailing him as he paced to and fro. ?No! You give her an arm and she takes far too much.? ?On the off chance that we continue letting her do this, she will.? ?Look Rick, we'll ground her for seven days, she'll become familiar with her exercise.? ?Jodie we've experienced this previously, and look, where is she now He said as he glanced through the window. ?We never taught her; we have to get harder, what she need is a decent ass beating, similar to your dad gave you.? ?Don't you dare contact her!? She cautioned. ?She needs to get familiar with her exercise; she has to realize that she won't make a nitwit of me.? ?So you think misuse is going to help Asked Jodie. ?Indeed, we'll never know until we attempt.? ?You'll go to prison you know, she'll call the police and you'll go to prison, are you ready to hazard that Jodie was asking Rick as the lights came up the garage. ?There she is, simply pause, simply hold up till she strolls through the entryway.? Said Rick as he was removing his belt like a horsewhip. ?Rick, if it's not too much trouble (Noisy thumps at the entryway) They delayed, they take a gander at one another with the most confused countenances, and afterward they continue to open the entryway. ?Are you the guardians of?Janelle Marquez Unwillingly asked the cop. Jodie started crying wildly. ?Indeed, what?happened Asked Rick, fearing the appropriate response ?is?she alright ?Well?, said the official. (A long interruption) ?She?the?the witnesses state, that she was drinking intensely?, the official proceeded, ?they said that no one needed to bring her home.? ?So she started to stroll to arrive on schedule.? Rick at that point likewise started crying, feeling remorseful for intuition his girl had purposely acted against his desires. ?In transit home,? said the official, ?a man, a Mexican-American man halted her?. ?I'm heartbroken; she?was fiercely assaulted and left for dead.? ?No?no?no?no,? Jodie cried. ?Is she alive Asked Rick attempting to be solid, hanging tight for the reaction. ?Indeed, she's at St. Agnes clinical focus, however I need to caution you that she was choked and wounded various occasions, she's in a coma, they've had a go at everything and they don't think she'll endure the night.? ?Gracious and one more thing, she is five months pregnant.? ?I'm profoundly grieved, presently on the off chance that you'll pardon me.? Rick started crying like there was no tomorrow. He tumbled to the floor, and gazed toward the cop. What's more, similarly as the official glanced back at him, the downpour started pouring down as though somebody of a higher wellspring of life felt the distress he and Jodie were encountering and was additionally crying with them. Exploratory writing

Computer Network Management Essay -- Networks Telecommunications

The Basics of Network Management In the PC world, systems are the essential methods for between PC interchanges. The structure and upkeep of a system is the obligation of the system chief. The system supervisor must have the ability to plan and actualize a suitable system for his customer. The best possible plan of a system depends on in excess of a couple of standards. In any case, the activity of the system chief incorporates more than basically fabricating a useable system, in spite of the fact that that is the final product. The system director must have numerous qualities so as to satisfy his activity. Following quite a while of preparing, a system supervisor will realize how to choose the correct system topology for the customer. After some examination concerning the company’s needs, the topology should turn out to be increasingly evident. Having the option to pick a design amounts to nothing, nonetheless, if the system chief can't persuade the customer. Influence is a fundamental quality, however a solid feeling of morals should likewise be available. On the off chance that a system administrator attempts to sell some different option from what the customer needs legitimate procedures might be not far behind. Choosing a system topology and persuading the customer of their needs are the specialized elements of the activity. In the wake of choosing a system plan, the system supervisor needs to gather a staff that is equipped for actualizing the system and keeping up that organize. A team with the fitting preparing is an unquestionable requirement, however the system chief needs to locate the best applicants. The system can develop to be an enormous and complex web. Occupation specialization will build profitability and the aggregate sum of information accessible to the organization. A system supervisor is additionally a work force administrator. Most customers have a restricted spending put aside ... ...Bookkeeping the executives gathers the data about the clients’ use of the administrations to monitor charging. Duties, estimating, and assortments may likewise be controlled. At long last, regular administration is relevant across more than one zone of the board, for example, self-governing occasions. The outer correspondences capacities are those important to pass on the administration data, to give a foundation to the system. Together, these capacities, the sensible, the executives, and outer interchanges, are the structure squares of a system. A system director is answerable for monitoring the elements of every part of system the executives so as to assemble an effective system. Book reference Ramon, Lakshmi. Basics of Telecommunication Network Management. New York: IEEE Press, 1999. Rhodes, Peter. Building a Network. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

Crown Cork and Seal Free Essays

Crown Cork and Seal Competitive Environment Analysis Exercise Corporate Purpose Crown Cork and Seal had three fragments Metal Containers (jars), Closures (crowns), and bundling hardware. Metal compartments are jars utilized in things, for example, soda pops or airborne jars. These were produced using steel until being exchanged over to aluminum in the mid 80’s. We will compose a custom paper test on Crown Cork and Seal or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Crowns which are terminations for any sort thing, for example, a container. â€Å"Metal holders created 65% of Crown’s $1. 88 billion 1988 deals, while terminations created 30% and bundling gear 5%. † The crucial Crown Cork and Seal was to â€Å"be fruitful. To do this Connelly needed to assume responsibility for cost. He did this by first cutting the workforce by giving up anybody not required which decreased finance by 24%. â€Å"The second step was to establish the idea of responsibility. † He did this by imparting pride and a feeling of workmanship in the representatives. He additionally gave plant directors â€Å"responsibility for plant profitability† just as quality and client care. Last yet not rented he concentrated on the company’s obligation. He took care of the banks through â€Å"inventory decrease and liquidation. †His vision and procedure for the future stressed â€Å"cost proficiency, quality, and client care. Connelly did t his by concentrating on the company’s qualities. He had the option to enhance their qualities by concentrating on the refreshment can and new vaporized market. At the same time, he improved assembling including adjusting to client needs. Condition Analysis: General Environment: Demographic: 1989 more than 120,795,000 metal jars were sold. Socio-Culture: The development away from metal jars to plastic and glass has been an issue as they increase a greater piece of the pie. Political-Legal:Political will have a major influence in reusing and the push for â€Å"going green. This will likewise produce results for the legitimate viewpoints as new laws will be set up for all the more reusing and cleaners running assembling plants. Technological:Shut down old out dated plants and opened up new plants over the US with new gear. Financial: As higher gas costs hit lighter items, for example, plastic will be increasingly prudent to transport to clients stanzas a heavier metal can. Worl dwide: Connelly centered around universal development. He explicitly focused on creating nations. Before long remote plants created 44% of deals and 54% of working benefits. Serious condition: Buyers The serious condition for the purchasers seems to support the purchasers over Crown Cork and Seal and its rivals for some reasons. Significant purchasers in this industry incorporate Coca-Cola Company and Incorporated, Anheuser-Busch, and PepsiCo. As it were there are a low number of purchasers, which are all exceptionally huge and incredible organizations. The size circulation is generally focused on these significant purchasers; anyway there are different organizations, for example, Seagram’s, Molson, and Labatt. Since there are scarcely any organizations for CCS to offer to, a high level of deals are reliant on these purchasers. This low number of purchasers is because of combination inside the soda fragment, from 8,000 bottlers in 1980 to around 800 of every 1989. By and large 45% of the all out expense to purchasers went into buying the jars. Because of the all out expense of jars, purchasers attempt to keep up numerous associations with many can creators to build haggling control and lessen costs. Because of this the purchaser isn't intensely subject to one single can organization. Exchanging costs are additionally lower for purchasers for a similar explanation; they as of now have numerous assets to look over. Purchasers additionally are probably going to benefit genuinely very much contrasted with can producers. Can makers must keep up low costs so as to contend with one another to pick up share over these not very many yet incredible purchasers. A few brewers are abstaining from exchanging costs all together through in reverse section into the market. By 1989, because of creation of jars by â€Å"captive† plants, 25% of all can yield was delivered by hostage plants. By 1980 brewers had capacity to gracefully 55% of their can needs. Therefore danger of in reverse passage is likely for brewers. It is simpler for brewers to do this since they make high-volume single-mark items. While simultaneously soda pop industry couldn't without much of a stretch do this since they concentrated on low-volume different mark items. The aluminum can has three significant substitutes purchasers can browse: Plastic containers, which established for 11% of soda pop deals in 1989 alongside a development rate from 9 to 18% from 1980 to 1989; Glass bottles, which comprised for 14% of deals in the soda pop industry in 1989; and steel jars. The aluminum can anyway is an interesting and significant item to the business, which is the reason they established for 75% of all out deals in 1989. As expressed for the situation aluminum has numerous preferences over its substitutes. Aluminum is lighter than glass and steel, aluminum is anything but difficult to deal with and fill, aluminum takes into account a more extensive assortment of designs alternatives, and furthermore shoppers incline toward aluminum. Since this item is so one of a kind and propelled, it completely expands the buyer’s item quality. Jars have a more extended timeframe of realistic usability than plastics and containers, they are lighter and simpler to deal with, and since they are covered with an ensured seal inside the can taste isn't relinquished. All of which add worth and quality to the completed item given to be expended. Providers There are three huge aluminum providers: Alcoa, Alcan, and Reynolds Metals. Alcoa is the biggest maker of aluminum with deals of $9. 8 billion, Alcan positioned a nearby second with $8. 5 billion in deals, and Reynolds Metals is positioned second in the US with deals of $5. 6 billion. The level of our provisions that originate from huge providers are 21% aluminum and 23% steel. Crown Cork and Seal speaks to 61% of deals for enormous providers. The provided item is extraordinary in that they have infused the aluminum jars gas to enable the metal to hold its shape. This permits the jars to hold something beyond jazzed drinks. Additionally, the steel is created more slender to reduce expenses and weight and there are even steel/aluminum blends. Notwithstanding aluminum and steel, there are glass and plastic providers that offer one of a kind items dependent on work. There are consistently fill in for a specific provided item. With the headway in innovation, a less expensive, lighter item could be created or another imaginative item could be found. For instance: Bottling has changed throughout the decades from being basically glass, at that point to steel, and now aluminum. The expense for exchanging a specific provided item would be $20-$25 million dependent on the finding of changing from three piece to two piece jars. From investigating the case, there doesn't appear to be a provider that is exorbitantly gainful. Despite the fact that Alcoa has the biggest portion of the market making $9. 8 billion in deals, Alcan isn't excessively far behind with the $8. 5 billion. Different providers could generally come out with an item which would give them a more prominent upper hand, and give compromise Alcoa’s top positioning position. Notwithstanding gainfulness, there is an extraordinary likely hood to advance section by a provider. Reynolds Metals, who is a provider, sold more than 11 billion jars itself. The supplier’s item is essential to our item quality. The contrast between the estimation of assets utilized and the estimation of the aluminum can to the brewer makes up the excess incentive between what the provider sells the aluminum for and what Crown Cork and Seal can get for it. Contenders Entrants There are various undermining contestants to the can producing business. As the market keeps on observing more providers creating jars, and more brewers avoiding the center man (can producer), the risk turns out to be progressively genuine. Substitutes The move towards plastic jugs, and maybe increasingly inventive materials are the dangers to substitutes for jars. Corporate Profitability and Productivity: Please See Appendix A Threats to Competitive Equilibrium A 10X power that may originate from the general condition to extraordinarily upset Crown Cork and Seal’s harmony in the market may be a socio-social move to be more wellbeing cognizant. This may hurt the soda pop industry particularly hard since they are so high in sugar and there is a scourge of diabetes and youth stoutness in America. In 1989, soda pops represented over half of the drink business. On the off chance that the wellbeing furor were to pick up energy, it could cut into soda deals harshly. This would expand the market for water and squeezes. Be that as it may, water and squeeze will in general come in plastic holders generally. Crown, Cork Seal never got into the plastics market and this could be a gigantic issue for them. On the off chance that they don't locate another market for their items they may be abandoned once a wellbeing upset happens in the public arena. The effect on deals would be overpowering. This would cut benefits path down and they may even begin to have misfortunes on the off chance that they don't make alterations sufficiently quick. Their benefits may likewise diminish in esteem in light of the fact that there would be less interest for can making machines because of an expansion in the requirement for plastics making machines. With this gigantic move in end-client assumption, Crown, Cork, and Seal would experience difficulty persuading financial specialists and banks to wager on them along these lines expanding their expense of capital significantly. A 10X power from the serious condition could emerge out of Crown, Cork, and Seal’s purchasers, particularly soda bottlers. There has been a pattern of combination among soda bottlers and they have utilized this to pick up influence over their providers and get limits for their mass requests. If they somehow happened to proceed with this pattern of combination, it could make a situation where the bottlers could make

2019 EA Decisions and Data - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2019 EA Decisions and Data - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2019 EA Decisions and Data Early Action decisions will be released late this afternoon, so here are some details about the EA applicant and admitted groups. I will also add a comment to the top of this post when decisions go live, and I will announce it on Twitter as well. For students who were deferred, please understand that this is not a denial decision. We want to be able to have a more in-depth review of you, including short essays, activities, recommendations, etc. Please be sure to read the deferred student FAQ page before commenting on here. There is also a 2019 Early Action Decision story at UGA News which gives more broad details on the class as a whole, so I suggest you also review this information. Quick Early Action Numbers (These numbers are mid-ranges, not minimums.) Applications Received: 17,000 (16,921 with fee paid) UGA received roughly 2,000 more EA applications than last year. Offers of Admission: 7,556 -This is slightly below last years admitted numbers, but with the spike in EA applications and current RD data, it makes it harder to predict what will happen with overall application numbers. Mid 50% Admitted Average GPA: 4.07-4.33 GPA -Please remember this is not the GPA students see on their high school transcript, but rather the GPA that UGA recalculates for everyone based on the core academic courses taken in high school and looking at the actual grades posted on the transcripts. Mid 50% Admitted Average SAT (EBRW+M): 1360-1490 -This is data for students who were admitted with the SAT being the highest or only test score in their review. Mid 50% Admitted Average ACT (Composite): 31-34 -This is data for students who were admitted with the ACT being the highest or only test score in their review. Remember, UGA focuses on the ACT English and Math scores, but we report the Composite data as that is the official/accepted data for national publications. Mid 50% Admitted AP/IB/DE courses over 4 years of HS: 7-12 courses -We determine academic rigor based on all core classes a student has taken (CP, Honors, Advanced, AP, IB, DE, etc.) as compared to what is offered in the school/community, but this information is the most specific data we can give on it. The rough breakdown of decisions are as such: 7,556 admits, 6,900+ deferred, 2,000 denied and slightly under 500 incomplete. If you have questions about your specific decision, please do not post them on this blog. As well, do not give out or request personal academic information in your post, as we would then need to delete these posts. We are not able to answer questions about individual students here because we will generally not have your information in front of us and we cannot disclose individual student information in a comment. I would recommend talking with both your family and high school counselor first, then reviewing this previous post on suggestions about how to react to an EA decision, and finally reading the FAQs available from your Status page. Please be patient, be nice and be courteous. Have a great weekend and go Dawgs!

Sweatshop Labor Marketing Research Assignment Papaer - 550 Words

Sweatshop Labor Marketing Research Assignment Papaer (Essay Sample) Content: Sweatshop LaborNameSubjectDateAccording to (Shaw et al 2006) , fair trade is exhibited when there is a safeguard of both fair cost prices plus fair work conditions for suppliers and producers, thus enhancing equitable trade agreements. In the bid to maintain fair trade, customer concern is raised upon product sectors such as clothing and fashion. In fact (Ross, 2004) has noted that sweatshops are strongly linked to being the root causes of poverty, injustice and inequality in the word.Consumer demands affect the company`s business decisions due to creation of an unhealthy competition (Rigby 2013). It is viewed from the perspective of business that the sweatshops form a lucrative business by capitalizing on low wage labor thus reducing production costs. According to a study by (Paharia 2014), it shows that if consumers possess a strong desire for a specific product made through sweatshop labor, then the individual is likely to be in agreements with the involved econom ic "justifications." The study further notes that an exclusive offer or great sales can also trigger an increase in the value and desirability of a product, therefore justifying further the labor practices that are used to generate the product. Lastly, favoritism and brand loyalty cause consumers to exercise excuses upon certain firms from unethical practices upon individual examination. Thus, a company`s business decisions can be affected by consumer i.e. a conviction that sweatshops form a realistic source of capital income gained by workers in underdeveloped countries (Rigby 2013).In a study by (Ewanow et al 2005), in spite of consumers being in possession of higher level of awareness concerning ethical issues, effects disclose that factors like style, price and quality contains a larger influence on their behaviors for purchasing of apparel when comparison is done with their worries about the supplier`s ethical practices. According to (Esbenshade, 2009) this is termed as corpo rate social responsibility since through such businesses, social concerns are catered for in addition to the company`s own economic well-being. Corporate social responsibility refers to the obligation accorded towards the society by the business (Harrison Scorse 2010). Because of such reasons, companies are affected into thinking that sweatshops presents the necessary step for development and modernization.Ethical based behavior and ethical decision making in the business world is determined by a range of factors (Rigby 2013). According to his research, codes of conduct and ethical leadership are the factors granted substantial consideration when employees do ethical decision making. On the other hand, their own individual ethics plus the effect on family, form another primary factors that are considered in an economy that is struggling (Rigby 2013). Individuals and firms engage in selfish and unethical behavior in order to obtain their desirable outcomes such as monetary gains. Ap parel firms which utilize foreign suppliers in contrary to the above are facing increased scrutiny recently as a result of consumer and governmental concerns over the utilization of sweatshop labor for the production of clothing. Consequently, purchase managers for some developed countries such as the United States apparel retailers and manufacturers have experienced challenges to make sure their goods are produced under humanitarian, equitable conditions. Thus from such expositions about sweatshop labor it can be summed as being unethical since it conflicts with the requirement to honor basic human rights i.e. fair and humane working conditions.Companies influence their ethical environment through various ways which is inclusive of sweatshops, brands, artistic control among others. For example it has been reported regularly of anti-sweatshop groups which sprung up in learning institutions where clothing manufacturers are picketed together with toy makers and retailers. Also in anot her case, concerning wages, it was recorded that about 56% workers felt that they were receiving underpayment for their labor (Bernstein 2000:147). In the case of sweatshops, the economic responsibilities...

Tesco Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2502 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Review Level High school Tags: SWOT Analysis Essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction Tesco is a British based supermarket engaged in retailing of food and non-food products. The company operates in 12 markets worldwide, having a team of 500,000 employees (Tesco.com, 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Tesco Example For Free" essay for you Create order Tesco was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen from a market stall in Londons East end. Tesco is one of the worlds largest retailers, serving millions of customers every week (Tesco.com, 2014). It operates via various store formats such as express, metro, extra and superstores. In 2013, Tesco recorded revenue of  £43.6 bn and trading profit of  £2,191m in the UK (Tesco Annual report, 2014). In the next section, the report will make use of the PEST framework and Porters five forces to analyse the external business environment in which Tesco operates. To analyse the internal business environment, the SWOT tool will be used. 2. Business Environment â€Å" A business firm does not operate in a vacuum but in a given environment, and has to interact and transact its business within this environment† (Fernando, 2011, p33). The two types of business environment are external (macro and micro environment) and internal. 2.1 External Environment 2.1.1 PEST Analysis of Tesco 2.1.1.1 Political As Tesco operates globally, it has to obey various government regulation and laws where they are operating. In terms of employment, the UK government encourages retail organisations to offer various types of job opportunities ranging from flexible, low wage and locally based jobs to high skilled, high wage and centrally located jobs to cater to the demands of groups such as students and senior citizens (Balchin, 1994). Most governments encourage businesses to employ local people for the development of the local economy. Many laws, regulations, codes of practice and guidance control the manufacturing, processing, distribution, packaging and labeling of food products (FSA, 2014). The Food and safety act provides food legislations acts in areas like hygiene, false description of food, low quality and unsafe food. Various environmental organisations encourage companies to reduce carbon emission in different stages of their supply chain. Tesco is working to achieve its 2020 target to reduce carbon emission throughout its supply chain. For example: using sea and rail modes of transport instead of doing so by road, opening new distribution centres to reduce transportation and hence reduce carbon emissions (Tesco.com, Tesco and society, 2014). 2.1.1.2 Economic Economic factors like recession, unemployment and GDP are important for Tesco as they influence demand of products in the market. People tend to spend less on goods in times of recession. Due to recession and unemployment, as the disposable income decreases, customers switch to discount stores such as Aldi and Lidl. According to the Office For National Statistics (2014), the number of people out of work declined to a five year low of 6.8 % (BBC News, 2014). Also, the youth unemployment rate declined with 283,000 people finding jobs in the early months of 2014, which is the highest since 1971 (BBC News, 2014). Though Tesco is expanding internationally, the economic indicators like unemployment rate in the UK will be of prime importance to Tescos profits in the future as the company is highly dependent on its home market. 2.1.1.3 Social Customer buying behaviour keeps on changing and hence retailers have to keep track of customers shopping trends. Customers like to shop at the smaller convenience stores rather than large stores (Tesco Annual report, 2014). Thus, Tesco has reduced opening of new stores and is focusing on convenience and online shopping. Shoppers are becoming more health conscious and they are more concerned about the quality of food (Doward, 2014). Thus, Tesco is investing in organic foods to meet the demands of customers. 2.2.1.4 Technological With the rise in the use of the Internet and digital technology, retailers have an added responsibility to incorporate new technology in their supply chain. According to the chairman of Tesco (2014), the capacity for customers to interact with each other and the organisation is driving different expectations in terms of service, choice and the overall shopping experience (Tesco Annual report, 2014). A major portion of consumers use smartphones for online shopping, comparing prices with competitors and reading reviews (Tesco Annual report, 2014). Tesco is increasing its investment in new technologies to serve customers better. In 2013, Tesco made huge investment to integrate point of cash management SMARTtill technology in over 10,000 UK tills to provide better customer service (Retail technology, 2013) 2.1.2 Porters Five Forces Analysis of Tesco According to Porter (2008), the five forces that shape industry competition are as follows: threat of a new entry, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, rivalry between competitors and threat of substitutes (Figure 1). Figure 1 Porters Five Forces (Source: Porter, 2008, p80) 2.1.2.1 Threat of a new entry The threat of a new entry is low . The retail industry demands huge investment from a potential entry in the market (Economics Online, 2014). Many big players such as Tesco, ASDA, Sainsbury are operating in the market. Also, discount supermarkets stores such as Aldi and Lidl are present. Over the years, they have been investing in developing supply chain and efficient technology. It would be difficult for a new entry to compete with the well-established players. Moreover, it would be difficult for a new player to build relationship with suppliers. It should be noted that it would be difficult for a new start-up to compete in the UK retail market, however, for retailers established in other countries, it could be possible to gain a foothold in the UK market, just like Aldi and Lidl. Barriers to entry also include getting government authorisation to establish a new supermarket. This demands significant resources and time. 2.1.2.2 Bargaining power of suppliers Porter (2008) stated that suppliers have less bargaining power if they deal with big organisations in an industry. There are four leading players such as Tesco, Sainsbury, Morrison and Asda, accounting for 59% of total retail value sales in 2013 (Euromonitor International, 2014). These players are big organisations and can easily switch from one supplier to another due to strong financial resources. Hence, suppliers are dependent on the retail organisations and are keen to maintain long working relationships in order to remain profitable. Tesco, being the market leader can negotiate in terms of price with the suppliers and hence it has a strong position as compared to suppliers. Thus, power of suppliers is low . 2.1.2.3 Bargaining power of buyers There are many retail organisations operating in the UK market, offering standardised and less differentiated products. Buyers can easily switch from one brand to another due to the absence of switching costs. However, loyalty schemes like Tescos club card plays an important role in retaining customers. There are 38 million club card customers shopping in Tesco stores (Tesco Annual report, 2014). With the help of the Internet, customers can easily compare different prices to help inform their purchasing decisions. Overall, the bargaining power of buyers is moderate to high . 2.1.2.4 Rivalry among existing competitors The rivalry among competitors is high . The competitors of Tesco are ASDA, Morrisons and Sainsburys. The retail organisations compete directly in price wars in their stores such as labeling their product as low cost compared to the competitors. For example: ASDA has a price guarantee, and give a refund if the price offered is higher than other supermarkets. Tesco is also facing competition from low discount stores such as Aldi and Lidl. Tescos market share experienced a decline from 30.7% in 2012 to 30.1% in 2013, while discount stores Aldi and Lidl increased their market share to 3.6% and 3.1% in 2013 respectively, from 2.9% in 2012 (Neville, 2013). 2.1.2.5 Threat of substitute product or services Substitutes to supermarkets are the small convenience stores offering products to customers in their vicinity. However, supermarkets are planning to open convenience stores and smaller store formats closer to homes due to the preference of customers to shop more frequently and closer to home (Tesco Annual report, 2014). For food retailing, the threat of substitutes is low to moderate whereas for non- food products, it is moderate to high as people have various options to buy such as online and clothing stores. 2.2 Internal Environment 2.2.1 SWOT Analysis of Tesco A SWOT analysis is used to analyse the internal business environment of Tesco to identify strengths and opportunities. In addition, the SWOT tool also results in identification of core competencies of an organisation, and opportunities that the company is not able to exploit due to lack of resources (Wheelen and Hunger, 2011). Table 1: SWOT analysis of Tesco STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Strong market position in the UK Strong brand name International expansion Clubcard loyalty scheme, owner of Dunhumby (world leader in customer insight) Diversification into other sectors Hypermarket store format Management change OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Increase in online shopping Rapidly growing economy – India and China Competitive market Government restrictions 2.2.1.1 Strengths Strong Market Position In The UK Tesco is one of the worlds largest retailers and has a market leading position in the UK. It is perceived as a strong brand offering great value to customers. The group has 3378 stores and employs about 313,923 staff in the UK (Tesco Annual report, 2014). According to Kantar media (2012), of 1.3 million customers that purchased groceries online during one month, over half of the customers purchased groceries from Tesco online. This shows that a greater number of customers like to purchase via Tesco online as compared to competitors. International expansion Tesco has international presence in regions like South Korea, China and Europe. It has been able to expand and build its profitable presence in various countries around the world. The ability to expand in various countries shows that Tesco has strong financial resources. Club card loyalty scheme â€Å"Clubcard, introduced in 1996, is our way of saying thank-you to our customers† (Tesco.com, Tesco UK, 2014). The company introduced club card scheme as a marketing tool to retain customers and hence increase customer loyalty. Tesco owns Dunhumby, a world leader in customer insight, and it has helped Tesco to understand its customers better (Tesco.com, 2014). Diversification The company is also involved in other business sectors such as banking and financial services, thus generating more profit from diversification. Tesco reported an increase by 14 % in main banking products like customer accounts for loan, mortgage, savings and credit cards (Tesco Annual report, 2014). 2.2.1.2 Weaknesses Hypermarket store format Tesco operates mainly through big store formats in the UK and internationally. However, customers prefer to shop in small convenience stores (Tesco Annual report, 2014). It is a challenge for Tesco as they have many big stores. The company has stopped its expansion plan of opening hypermarkets (Tesco Annual report, 2014). Management change Tesco is facing uncertainty in its management structure that could have an impact on its profitability. The CEO of Tesco cleared out 50 managers from its head office, with reasons unknown (Butler, 2013). It seems odd for a company to fire most experienced mangers in the competitive retail environment. 2.2.1.3 Opportunities Increase in online shopping There is a shift in customer trends; they like to do online shopping in the comfort of their homes or while commuting (Rigby, 2014). Tesco has skills and competencies to exploit this opportunity by providing better customer service. Investing in digital technology would be beneficial. Rapidly growing economy – India and China There is huge potential for Tesco to grow in developing economies like India and China. Due to rise of upper middle classes and increase in income spending (EY, 2014), Tesco can utilise its resources to tap this opportunity. 2.2.1.4 Threats Competitive market The UK retail market is highly competitive. The competitors such as ASDA and Sainsbury also have diversified operations in sectors like insurance and loan scheme and hence they are competing with Tesco in all sectors. Customers can easily switch to discount stores like Aldi and Lidl. Government restrictions Tesco is not only affected by the Eurozone crisis but also the problems arising in the Asian market. In terms of international expansion, Tesco is prone to government restriction on opening hours in South Korea (Tesco Annual report, 2014). 3. Conclusion Tesco is affected by many internal and external business environmental factors. Economic factors like decline in unemployment rate in the UK and increase in income spending in developing countries can be considered as an opportunity for the business. Social factors like changing consumer shopping patterns is a challenge for Tesco. For example: usage of digital media. However, Tesco is investing in new technology to serve customers better. In the retail market, the technology factor is of prime importance for a company to competitively position its product and services. Social factors like customers opting to shop at small stores is a threat as Tesco operates mainly through hypermarket stores that are located far from city centre locations. However, the company has stopped expansion of its big stores and is focusing on convenience stores to attract customers. In terms of competitive forces, bargaining power of buyers and rivalry between competitors is high. Hence, offering dif ferentiated and great value products is the solution. Tesco has strong resources and capabilities to tap the opportunities like expanding in developing economies and customers preference towards online shopping. 4. References Balchin, A. (1994) Part-time Workers in the Multiple Retail Sector: Small Change from Employment Protection Legislation?, Vol. 16, Isuue 7, p 43-57. BBC News (2014) UK unemployment rate falls to five-year low, Last accessed 22nd June 2004 at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-27406457 Butler, S. (2013) Tesco gets rid of 50 top managers as Clarke steps up pace of change, The Guardian. Last accessed 23rd June 2014 at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/31/fifty-tesco-managers-lose-jobs Doward, J. (2014) Organic food back in vogue as sales increase, The Guardian. Last accessed 22nd June 2014 at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/feb/09/organic-produce-sales-increase Economics Online (2014) Barriers to entry, Last accessed 27th June 2014 at: https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Business_economics/Barriers_to_entry.html Euromonitor International (2014) Grocery Retailers in the United Kingdom, Last accessed 27th June 2014 at: https://www.euromonitor.com/grocery-retailers-in-the-united-kingdom/report EY (2014) Middle class growth in emerging markets, Last accessed 15th May 2014 at: https://www.ey.com/GL/en/Issues/Driving-growth/Middle-class-growth-in-emerging-markets Fernando, A.C. (2011) Business Environment, India: Pearson Education. FSA (2014) Regulation and legislation, Last accessed 22nd June 2014 at: https://www.food.gov.uk/enforcement/regulation/#.U6bpQI1dUVm Kantar Media (2012) Online Shopper Intelligence – UK, Last accessed 23rd June 2014 at: https://www.kantarmedia.co.uk/media/55366/kantar-media-compete-online-shopper-report-grocery.pdf Neville, S. (2013) Big four supermarkets squeezed by high-end and discount competitors, The Guardian, Last accessed 23rd June 2014 at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/16/big-four-supermarkets-squeezed-competitors Porter, M.E. (2008) The five competitive forces that shape strategy, Harvard Business R eview, January 2008, Vol. 86, Issue 1, p78-93. Retail Technology (2014) Tesco updates EPoS cash drawers, Last accessed 22nd June 2014 at: https://www.retailtechnology.co.uk/news/4764/tesco-updates-epos-cash-drawers/ Rigby, C. (2014) UK shoppers spent  £91bn online in 2013 – and look set to spend  £107bn in 2014, Last accessed 27th June 2014 at: https://internetretailing.net/2014/01/uk-shoppers-spent-91bn-online-in-2013-and-look-set-to-spent-107bn-in-2014/ Tesco Annual report (2014) Tesco annual report and financial statements, Last accessed 22nd June 2014 at: https://www.tescoplc.com/files/pdf/reports/ar14/download_annual_report.pdf Tesco.com (2014) About us, Last accessed 22nd June 2014 at: https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=6 Tesco.com: Tesco and society (2014) Reducing our impact on the environment, Last accessed 22nd June 2014 at: https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=636#tabnav Tesco.com: Tesco UK (2014) Clubar d, Last accessed 27th June 2014 at: https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=282 Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, D.J. (2011) Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy: Toward Global Sustainability, 13th edition, Prentice Hall.

Police Brutality Based On Racial Profiling - 1682 Words

A great deal of society views law enforcement officers as heroic and honorable individuals, whose main purpose is to protect and serve the community. For many officers, this description is accurate, however for others; violence and brutality against innocent citizens is the key to getting the job done. For years, minorities have fallen victim to police brutality based on racial profiling, stereotypes and other unjustifiable reasons that has cost several innocent lives. The involvement of officers in police brutality against minority social groups causes tainted and negative views on policing and their overall duty to protect, when they are ultimately the aggressors in this case. Police brutality is a violent incident involving an officer and a victim, usually including excessive force, unnecessary violence and sometimes resulting in a senseless fatality. Minority groups such as African Americans and Hispanics have often been the victims of this form of abuse by officers, however litt le justice has been done in order to protect these individuals from this form of cruelty by the hands of those with the most power. For many individuals, police brutality is a non-existent matter because it does not directly affect them or the community in which they live. Yet for others, this is an everyday occurrence and few limitations have been set as to what is unjust and malicious behavior of an officer towards the public, therefore, several officers are rarely prosecuted for this type ofShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality1314 Words   |  6 Pages Police brutality Those of the minority community have been subjected, for many decades, to violence by those in law enforcement in the United States. This type of violence is a direct depiction of police brutality, which often leads to death. Police brutality has been an issue for many years, and it remains a major concern for those of the minority community. Over the past five centuries, black people have endured violence in many different ways. Today, police officers use deadly, excessive forceRead MoreEffects Of Police Brutality1126 Words   |  5 PagesThe article that i read talked about how the minority groups have been victims of police brutality for many years. It has also mentioned the fact that Police brutality has been an issue for many years, and it remains a major concern for those of the minority community. Even though police brutality is used to describe physical harm it can also be used as as a way to psychological harm used by police to intimidate citizens. However, after the Emancipation, lynching became a prominent form of violenceRead MoreBlack Lives Matter Is An International Activist Movement1693 Words   |  7 Pagescorrelates to many topics such as police brutality, racial profiling, racism, segregation, discrimination etc. â€Å"Racial Profiling† refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials that targets individuals on suspicion of crime based on an individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin (â€Å"Racial Profiling: Definition†). Although this topic affects a wide array of communities it still pertains to citizens of color.Citizens rely on the police to protect them from any harm orRead MoreRacism : Racism And Police Brutality916 Words   |  4 Pages Racial profiling isn’t something new to today’s society. Most recently there were incidents in which the officers were accused of mistreating blacks such as Michael Brown and Freddie Gray. â€Å"Racism versus professionalism: claims and counter-claims about racial profiling† written by Vic Satzewich and William Shaffir discusses racism versus professionalism with officers. Their argument is more biased towards the police force and they argue that it’s part of their job. â€Å" Racism and police brutalityRead MoreFilm, Fruitvale Station, Directed By Ryan Coogler1481 Words   |  6 Pagesis a nod to many social problems found in the United States of America today. The film portrays social problems like poverty among minorities, racial profiling and especially police brutality through the last 24 hours of Oscar Julius Grant III’s life. The star-studded film not only pays homage to Grant but also to the ideas of poverty and police brutality. The film all but shouts at the audience that the minorities, especially African Americans, suffer from many economic and social disadvantagesRead MoreColor Vs. Crime : Racial Profiling1662 Words   |  7 PagesColor vs. Crime Racial profiling, according to The Leadership Conference, â€Å"refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on race, ethnicity, religion or national origin.† This is a troubling pressing issue in the United States till this day. Racial profiling is patently illegal and violates the U.S. Constitution’s core promises of equal protection under the law to all and freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. MoreoverRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement1522 Words   |  7 PagesPolice brutality is defined as â€Å"excessive and/or unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians,† and this has become more prominent within the United States throughout the years (Danilina). There has many cases where police brutality has been seen via news channels, and it has dismantled the unity of trust between the civilians of the United States and the law enforcement who are s upposed to protect the everyday people from harm. The issue is if the law enforcement is actually right withinRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Police Brutality1561 Words   |  7 Pageshas been an overwhelming amount of police brutality in recent years. Police brutality can be defined as, when a police officer uses more force than necessary. This issue has spread throughout the United States of America, and is putting the lives of our citizens in great danger. Police brutality is not only physical, but it can also be verbal attacks; and, in most cases, it is caused by false arrest and racial profiling due to police corruption. Police brutality has been and continues to be a majorRead MoreThe Problem Of Police Brutality1646 Words   |  7 Pages One of the biggest problems that plague America is police brutality. The job of the police is to protect the community they’re assigned to work in, from any illegal activity that occurs. However, there are officers who believe they are above the law. Police brutality has been a political oppression that has been occurring more many years. There’s been many cases of excessive force towards innocent civilians by an officer that has sparked a national outrage. Stephan Lendman of Media with ConscienceRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1465 Words   |  6 PagesRacial Profiling Racial Profiling is just what it is. Targeting individuals for suspicion of a violation determined by the individual’s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Race and location are the supreme characteristics law enforcement visually examine when engaging in this type of profiling. African-American males are the primary victims of racial profiling in the United States. The phrase â€Å"driving while black† derive from African Americans protesting that they are pulled over by police

Arthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman - 1061 Words

In â€Å"Death of A Salesman,† Arthur Miller takes a view about the usually positive value people put on success. By examining Willy’s downfall, we can see Miller is arguing how the fallacy of success crafts the amiss dreams. Miller displays how the constant mania to maintain the image of success destroys the concept of American Dream for ordinary people like Willy. Miller portrays Willy as a hard-working exhausted man, â€Å"I’m tired to the death† (1557). Willy expends enormous amounts of time and energy pursuing the money because he thinks it will improve his well-being and make him happy. In his visions, Willy constantly sees his older brother – Ben, who has fantastically grown rich on the diamonds mines in Africa. For Willy, his brother is†¦show more content†¦Sources of his situation are sheltered in the past. Biff constantly followed his father’s orienteer that charm and good look are the only tickets to promising future and success. But once he didn’t pass math exam, Biff in despair rushes to his dad and finds him in the room with another woman. Exactly at this moment, Biff’s world falls apart, all his values are wiped out. Willy was his role model, Biff sincerely trusted him, but suddenly he finds out that his dad always lied. Biff, in contrast to his dad, adequately perceives himself. He doesn’t create any illusions. He learned from the high school experience that very rarely one finds himself at the pinnacle of achievement because of the good appearance, happenstance or good fortune, or by â€Å"winging it.† Simultaneously, he realizes how unfortunate his dad who keeps on chasing false values, ideas, and dreams. For nearly forty years his dad worked as a sales representative, believing that his charm, jokes, and smile will lay him a way to a worthy old age. Nevertheless, with age it becomes harder and harder to attract new clients, â€Å"Willy, you never averaged,† - Howard tells him, and â€Å"business is business† (1591) – Willy was fired from the company as unnecessary thing. Biff understands that his dad simply dreamed to repeat success of uncle Ben who has grown rich in Africa in the period of diamond fever. However, Willy refuses to go with Ben to doShow MoreRela tedArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1144 Words   |  5 Pages Arthur Miller: Death of a Salesman Life for many in America are missing the same elements that â€Å"Death of a Salesman† exposed. Those element are love and direction. Many people face these struggles at some point in their life, but don’t know what to do to progress. Arthur Miller devised a style whereby he could show how your past can continuously impact on your future. Each character highlights the powerlessness of a dream to give meaning and control to human life. I disagree with someRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1027 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Tragic Heroism of Biff Loman in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller This literary study will define the tragic heroism of Biff Loman in Arthur Miller’s play The Death of a Salesman. Biff is initially a victim of Willy’s continual harassment to make more money and find a better career. In this family unit, Biff must endure the unrealistic and fantasy-based elusions of his father in his fanatical pursuit of the American Dream. However, Biff soon learns of Willy’s extra-marital betrayalRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1039 Words   |  5 Pages The play Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman, is about an old salesperson who returns early from a business trip. After crashing multiple times, he realizes he should stop driving. The other book, Oedipus the King narrates the story of Oedipus. He was a man who became the king of Thebes, while unwittingly fulfilling a prophecy that he would murder his father, Laius, and marry his mother, Jocasta. The above characteristics of tragedy are well highlighted. In the play Death of a Salesman, one flowRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman And The Crucible2615 Words   |  11 Pagesand conflicts have been a constant. As individual people and as a world, there have never been perfect times. Arthur Miller’s writing style focuses on how his characters deal with external and internal problems and how their reactions to these problems reflect their characterization. Arthur Miller uses external conflict, internal conflict, and indirect characterization, in Death of a Salesman and The Crucible, to show how ideas of society do not always agree with the ideas and beliefs of others whichRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1159 Words   |  5 Pagesmarriage, or through one’s own self. Willy Loman, a delusional salesman, in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman; Minnie Wright, an unhappy and lonely housewife, in Susan Glaspell’s Trifles; and Oedipus, a king with excessive pride and determination, in Sophoclesâ €™ Oedipus the King illustrate how people lose their identities over the course of time. Society can cause the loss of a person’s identity, as Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman depicts the American dream as society’s view of success. The AmericanRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1373 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican In Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, the main character is Willy Loman a lifelong traveling salesman. Willy is in his early sixties and there is no doubt he has had a long life with the occupation he chose for himself some years ago. It seems as if Willy is doing well for himself as well as his family from any outsider, however, what happens behind the scenes is a completely different story. Constantly borrowing from a fellow friend Willy finds himself in a black hole of debt. Arthur Miller’sRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1326 Words   |  6 PagesAs though to recreate the connection in life, literature often shows the relationship between past events and a character’s present actions and values. In Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman, Willy is haunted by memories of his older brother, father, and salesman Dave Singleman. Willy’s character and values are constantly influenced by the memory of the three men, compounding upon his deli ria throughout the play. Willy considers these men the epitome of success, thus explaining his dependency onRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman2019 Words   |  9 Pagespersonal growth and forming realistic, healthy relationships. Both Judith Guest and Arthur Miller use their respective literary works ‘Ordinary People’ and ‘Death of a Salesman’ to illustrate that not addressing who we are as individuals and remaining unaware of reality will only lead to unhappiness, dysfunction, and eventual tragedy. The main character and the driving force behind the action of ‘Death of a Salesman’ Willy Loman is both unaware of reality and ignorant to his own need to find himselfRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman910 Words   |  4 PagesGuilty Conscience â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by American playwright Arthur Miller is a drama that resonates with the majority of viewers and readers of the play. Miller eloquently illustrates the drama and complex dynamics of the Loman family. The Loman’s consist of Willy and Linda Loman as well as their two sons Biff and Happy. Specifically, â€Å"Death of a Salesman† focusses on Willy and his oldest son Biff. Willy, now an old man has deteriorated into a miserable and senile man. Willy Loman’s characterRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagescharacter with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Irving 247). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and the

The Relationships Between Parents and Children in Greek...

Contrary to the present archetypes involving the relationships between parents and children, Greek and Roman myths show us that at one point in time, incest was considered socially acceptable. Many Greek and Roman myths contain twisted relationships between parents and children. These twisted relationships can be broken into three different categories: mothers and sons that have exceptionally strong bonds, parents that are threatened by their children, and the betrayal of parents or children. Greek and Roman Mythology often employs many themes that, in modern life, we consider to be taboo; one of the most widely used ideas is the distortion and dysfunction of parent and child relationships. One idea displayed through these twisted†¦show more content†¦It stems from something deeper. Sigmund Freud named a theory of his after this myth. His theory of the Oedipus Complex states that every male unconsciously wants to kill his father and have sex with his mother. An unusually str ong relationship between mother and son is one of the themes that Greek myths include often. Another theme used often in Greek and Roman mythology is that Parents are threatened by their children. This is shown in The Creation of the Titans and the Gods when it is said that Uranus feared the terrible strength of these six children, and he hated them because they terrified him. So as each was born, Uranus took him from his mother, bound him, and hurled him deep into Gaeas being, the earth (Rosenberg 84). Uranus obviously feels threatened by the children. The real life equivalent of this act would probably be child abuse. Child abuse is definitely looked down upon in our society. This theme is also shown when Gaea forms the Furies from Uranus blood (Rosenberg 85). The Furies drive any child that kills his parents to insanity. This shows that although Gaea instigates Uranus downfall, she also feels threatened by her children. She is scared that because they were able to take down Uranu s, that she might be next. Cronus also feels threatened by his children. Cronus took the baby lovingly from his wife, opened his gigantic mouth, and swallowed the infant in one gulp (Rosenberg 85). Cronus feels so threatened by his children that he actuallyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Family Relationships in Greek Mythology 1632 Words   |  7 PagesGreek Mythology originated around 775 B.C.E. It all started with Homer’s Iliad and continued on with Hesiod’s Theogany. These were the first two myths to be recorded in Greek Mythology. Both of these myths reveal to us about their understanding of the universe, and about their culture. Not only do they talk about their various gods, and heroes, but they also talk about how they viewed the universe in general (Rosenberg 79). Greek Mythology evolved from two early civilizations, the Mycenaean’s andRead MoreParent Child Relationship in Greek Mythology Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesIt is inferred that the parents should t ake care of their children and have their best interest at heart. This however, is not the case in Greek and Roman mythology. The killing of ones own children, or filicide, was not viewed as negative upon in their era. The contemporary times contrast with the ancient Greek and Roman’s because it was justified to use any means necessary to obtain a higher status. The Greeks and Romans valued keeping a high social reputation and having respect for those of greatRead MoreThe Symbolism Behind Parents and Children in Mythology Essay1993 Words   |  8 PagesThe bond between parents and children is something that was created soon after the first man was created. Unlike certain animals, whose children go off and fend for themselves right after birth, the care given to children by human parents is different. As humans, parents care and provide for their child until he/she is ready to live on their own. It is during this process of caring, that the true relationship between parents and their children form. The antiquity of parent child relationships is seenRead MorePoseidon, A Great God1127 Words   |  5 Pagesgod, I begin to sing, the shaker of the earth and of the barren sea† (Morford, Lenardon, and Sham, 171). Poseidon in Greek Mythology, or Neptune in Roman Mythology, is the God of the Earthquakes and of the Seas. He is known for his â€Å"severe and rough† nature and is associated with â€Å"the surge of the seas† (Morford, Lenardon, and Sham, 171). Poseidon is often underrepresented in myth but his role is pivotal due to the fact that he ruled the earth and the seas. Travel via the sea was essential in theRead MoreMythology Film Review (Percy Jackson)1014 Words   |  5 Pagesan accurate representation of the Greek myths. There are a few key differences though, which are mostly used to present the Greek Gods in a better, more likable tone for the movie. The first differences between the film and classic mythology surround the premise. The film explains that the Gods would occasionally fall in love with mortals and have children. The children were sometimes bestowed special powers, similar to those of their parents. In classical myths, it was a common occurrence forRead MoreOverview of Greek Mythology2666 Words   |  11 Pages Greek mythology is a body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks concerning Titans, gods, and heroes. According to Alan Dundes, a myth is a sacred narrative explaining how the world and humankind assumed their present form (Dundes 1). Though now it may be referred to as mythology, to the ancient Greeks it was an aspect of their religion. Like many other pre-Christian societies, the ancient Greeks deemed things that were important in their lives, such as fire, water, air, andRead MoreClassical Mythology Of The Greek And Roman Societal Views2237 Words   |  9 Pagesa number of scenes and includes a variety of typical mythological themes, yet fails to accurately characterize Hercules and reproduce his role in the Greek and Roman societal views, while neglecting major aspects surrounding his existence in the mythological world. The modern work does make use of Classical Mythology throughout the film. Many Greek characters are shown or referenced at different points in the movie, such as the beginning and end, where the stage is Mount Olympus. For example, theRead MoreThe And The Greek Mythology2880 Words   |  12 Pagesprominent of all the Greek heroes in mythology. Heracles is known for his muscularity, and recognized by his lion skin, club, and shaggy beard. He is very much acknowledged in today’s modern society and his myth was remade into a Disney film called Hercules. â€Å"Directed by Ron Clements and John Musker† and released in 1997†, this film has similarities to the Greek legend itself, however there are significant differences to the myth as well. The Greek myth. In the original myth it started when ZeusRead MoreThe Impact of Greek Mythology on Western Culture5592 Words   |  23 PagesInformation of Greek Mythology Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. They were a part of religion in ancient Greece. Modern scholars refer to, and study, the myths, in an attempt to throw light on the religious and political institutions of Ancient Greece, its civilization, and to gain understanding of the nature of myth-makingRead MoreGreek Mythology8088 Words   |  33 PagesGreek  Mythology   I   INTRODUCTION   Temple  of  Apollo  at  Didyma   The  Greeks  built  the  Temple  of  Apollo  at  Didyma,  Turkey  (about  300  bc).  The  temple  supposedly  housed  an  oracle   who  foretold  the  future  to  those  seeking  knowledge.  The  predictions  of  the  oracles,  delivered  in  the  form  of  riddles,   often  brought  unexpected  results  to  the  seeker.  With  Ionic  columns  reaching  19.5  m  (64  ft)  high,  these  ruins   suggest  the  former  grandeur  of  the  ancient  temple.   Bernard  Cox/Bridgeman  Art  Library,  London/New  York

Nvq Level 3 HS Free Essays

CU1530 Promote Communication in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings 1UNDERSTANDING WHY EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IS IMPORTANT IN THE WORK SETTING. 1. 1IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT REASONS PEOPLE COMMUNICATE. We will write a custom essay sample on Nvq Level 3 HS or any similar topic only for you Order Now People communicate in order to establish and maintain relationships with others, to give and receive information and instructions, to understand and be understood, to share opinions, knowledge, feelings, and emotions, to give encouragement and show others they are valued. 1. EXPLAIN HOW COMMUNICATION AFFECTS RELATIONSHIPS IN THE WORK SETTING. Effective communication helps us not only relate better to each other, it also helps us do more with minimal effort. Breakdown in communication in the work setting can lead to a number of things including a sense of anxiety, alienation as well as feelings of isolation. Positive communication skills like listening, open-ended questions and calm tone of voice help unite people because they are behavior’s that lead to sustained relationships. Workplace relationships also become a lot stronger when people can clearly and effectively communicate what they need and allow others to do the same. A frequently overlooked quality is the ability to actively listen which will help you obtain more information to enforce better decisions. The power of effective communication is essential and the ability to have the chance to develop, expand and develop personal relationships will stand you in good stead and for the company. 2BE ABLE TO MEET THE COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGE NEEDS, WISHES AND PREFERENCES OF INDIVIDUALS. . 2DESCRIBE THE FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN PROMOTING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION. When communicating with others the content of the message needs to be clear, but it also needs to be said in a clear way. When receiving messages it is necessary to be alert to both verbal (spoken) and non-verbal (body language) messages. To communicate effectively keep in mind factors such as – environment: Are noise and activity levels to o high? Do you need privacy? Would it be easier to have this conversation while carrying out an activity ogether? Walking or working side by side can ease the flow of conversation. Proximity: The better you know a person the closer you are likely to be physically. Closeness can encourage sharing. Positioning chairs at an angle rather than side by side makes it physically easier to talk to another person. Sitting directly opposite is more formal and can feel confrontational. Sometimes a table between you helps a person feel protected. Yelling from one room to another doesn’t aid communication! Orientation: Leaning forward can communicate that you are interested, but too close might invade ‘body space’. Turning away can show lack of interest, but standing directly opposite a person can be too direct, where being at an angle can provide a helpful space. Posture: Folded arms can look defensive and discourage communication. Friends and family without realizing, often mirror the other person’s posture during conversation, which is thought to increase a sense of familiarity. Standing over a person who is seated might feel patronizing or threatening. Touch: A light touch on a person’s arm or hand can communicate caring and understanding, but sometimes touch can feel intrusive, even threatening. Touch is a safeguarding issue and you must never impose yourself physically on a vulnerable adult. 3 BE ABLE TO OVERCOME BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION. 3. 1EXPLAIN HOW PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS MAY USE AND/OR INTERPRET COMMUNICATION METHODS IN DIFFERENT WAYS. Each individual communicates slightly differently according to their different background and experience and the service users we work with may have a diverse range of communication needs and preferences. Although individuals share personality traits in common with others, the unique make-up of these and the way they operate together is individual to that person. One individual might be quiet and reserved, another enthusiastic and bubbly and this will affect the way each communicates and responds to communication. There are also factors such as literacy skills, Literacy skills refer to a person’s competence in reading, writing and speaking in a particular language. The service users you work with may be at different levels of competence in literacy and need to be communicated with at a level they can cope with. Some adults struggle with literacy and may feel embarrassed by their difficulties. As well as literacy skills, some individuals will have better access to and be more competent using information and computer technology (ICT) than others. You should not assume that everyone you have dealings with at work has access to the internet and email, or mobile phones, or that they are competent in using such technology. . 2IDENTIFY BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION. Communication is not always straightforward and a number of barriers can be encountered when working in health and social care settings. Communication is a complex process and can be interrupted at any stage by a number of different barriers for instance – when someone cannot receive or pass on information because they have an impairment to one or more of their senses, most co mmonly a visual or a hearing disability or communication is affected by the environment that people find themselves in. For example, someone who does not see very well will struggle to read written information in a dimly lit room. There are also barriers faced due to cultural differences when the same thing means different things in two cultures, communication can be difficult or when a person uses language that not everyone uses, such as saying they have a problem with their waterworks. This can mean their plumbing system but also means a problem going to the toilet. Sometimes it may be appropriate to use slang with your peers but in normal working with colleagues or service users you should avoid using any language that can be misunderstood or misinterpreted or that might cause offence. 3. 5 EXPLAIN HOW TO ACCESS EXTRA SUPPORT OR SERVICES TO ENABLE INDIVIDUALS TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY. Some people have communication difficulties that require extra support or services to enable them to communicate effectively. How to cite Nvq Level 3 HS, Papers

Budgetary control free essay sample

Nowadays management’s philosophy revolves around the idea of planning. According to McKinsey (1922), chief executives have come to the realization that today’s task can only be properly fulfilled thanks to the meticulous planning of yesterday. The budgetary control framework has been openly accepted and widespread as a tool for management and overall organisation control. Nonetheless, recent evolutions in the managerial sciences have come to jeopardise the reliability of budgeting as an effective method for the control of performance and organisation. The concern of whether budgeting is in fact an apt tool has created mixed views and debate amongst scholars. This essay will aim to evaluate whether budgetary control is concerned primarily with the control of performance, or if it has of late taken on greater importance especially as a more integrative control mechanism for the organisation. In order to do so it will firstly define the meaning of two fundamental concepts such as budget and budgetary control. We will write a custom essay sample on Budgetary control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Secondly it will evaluate the use of budgetary control as a tool for today’s organization. Thirdly it will follow debates and criticisms on its the effectiveness and use and Lastly it will conclude by assessing to what extent budgetary control has become a more integrative control mechanism for organisations. The work of key specialists in management such as Bhimani, Otley, Van der Stede and McWatters, will be drawn on in order to cover the key issues of the discussion. Before commencing on a discussion of budgetary control, it is immanent to clarify and define the two key terms that will be used in this essay: ‘budget’ and ‘budgetary control’. On the one hand, as defined by Bhimani et al. (2008) â€Å"a budget is a quantitative expression of a proposed plan of action by management for future time period and it is an aid to coordination and implementation of the plan†. On the same line McWatters et al. (2008) highlights the importance of budgets as a planning control system for a company, which ‘translate’ organisational objectives into financial terms. Drury (2009) exemplifies the many different purposes that budgets serve, such as: coordinating activities, conveying various arrangements to different responsibility centres, arranging and controlling operations, motivating employees to attain organisational objectives and assessing the execution of managers. According to Johnson (1996), it was in the 1960s that associations started to highly regard the utilization of budgets as tools for performance measurement and the control of managerial objectives. On the other hand, budgetary control is described by Periasamy (2010) as â€Å"a system of controlling costs which includes the preparation of budgets, coordinating the department and establishing responsibilities, comparing actual performance with the budgeted and acting upon results to achieve maximum profitability†. A similar, yet more formal, definition of budgetary control is given by the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants of England and Wales (CIMA): â€Å"the establishment of budgets relating to the responsibilities of executives to the requirement of a policy and the continuous comparison of actual with the budgeted results, either to secure by individual actions the objectives of policy or to provide a basis for its revision†. There are two main purposes of budgets which scholars have identified: planning and controlling. The first purpose, which McWatters et al. (2008) discusses, is that budgets have a fundamental role in undertaking planning decisions. In fact, the integration of budgets into a strategic planning of long term and short-term objectives is crucial to the harmony of the project itself. This claim can be explained by Bhimani et al. (2008) who proposes that, budgets provide a more realistic view on the possible outcomes of investments, which consequently leads managers to adjust their strategic goals accordingly. To put it another way, when a company wants to match its potentials suitably with the prospects of the marketplace, it undertakes a strategic analysis to then set several long-run and short-run goals. On this basis a budget is formulated. However, as stated before, once the budget that has been formulated projects a more realistic view on the strategic objectives, these strategic objectives are then readjusted once again. The second purpose that Emmanuel et al. (1990) discusses is to do with budgets as a form of control and a tool for monitoring a company’s performance. McWatters et al. (2008) describe this function by outlining the idea that budgets are frequently used to assign responsibilities by allocating resources to different managers. A budget may be given with more or less flexibility, for example by assigning a large sum of money for ‘advertising’ to be used at the managers discretion, or by highlighting the different ways that this money should be used. The optional flexibility of budgets allows for a company to give the adequate level of responsibility to its employees and thus the organisation is able to maintain a level of control. McWatters et al. (2008) further elaborates on the function of budgeting for control by suggesting that â€Å"the numbers in a budget are also used as goals to motivate organisational members†. This motivational aspect of budgeting can be explained by Bhimani et al (2008) who states that â€Å"the manner in which a budget is administered can adversely impact on the managers’ behaviour†. A manager must believe that the budget is achievable in order to actively attempt to pursue it, Bhimani et al (2008) adds that through the constraints and goals set by budgeting targets, managers are often motivated to â€Å"effect changes in a forceful way†. The way that a budget is formulated, and the demands and pressures that it targets are key in encouraging the right degree of motivation, â€Å"an enterprise can set a difficult to attain budget in an attempt to motivate good performance. This is because, in practice, budgets that are set up to a certain degree of tightness often become stronger motivators† (Bhimani et al. , 2008). A final point to consider with the role of budgetary control is the function that it plays in enhancing communication within a company. Internal coordination between the steps of production , as well as communication among departments are key aspects for a company’s performance. Dury (2009) states that â€Å"the budget serves as a vehicle through which the actions of the different parts of an organisation can be brought together and reconciled into one common plan†. Hence, hierarchical and inter-departmental communication within the organisation is extremely facilitated thanks to the use of budgets. For instance, considering a multinational corporation that, due to its size, has difficulties in communicating between the production department and the sales department, budgets could in this circumstance be the most operational manner of communicating, as they set common goals between different departments. As it is clear form the paragraphs above, the controlling side of budgets play a stronger role than the planning aspect. An example that instead criticise this view can be found in the strategic planning of investments. Maximising performance of a company can be synonymous for maximising the shareholders value. Akintoye (2008) argues that equality in investment decisions are fairly dependent on the solidity of the budgetary control system, which in turn is key to maximise the company’s shareholders value. Therefore, it is arguable that a weak budgetary control system may be the cause of unprofitable investments and consequently may trigger the loss of shareholders value (Akintoye, 2008). There are many examples that reflect this issue, such as one reported by the European Journal of Economics Finance and Administrative Science where the Coca-Cola Company, with the purpose of differentiating production, failed miserably in their investment on food and wine in that the investment rate of return resulted to be beneath their cost of capital. The tremendous loss of money caused by this investment and other failures of this type grab the attention of scholars, raising questions on the salience of the budgetary control system, as well as whether budgets are mainly used to control or plan organisations. Other criticisms towards budgetary control as a main form of performance control, argue instead that the use of budgetary control in performance management has of late taken on greater importance especially as a more integrative control mechanism for the organisation. This stands on the basis of different points of view of the role that motivation and communication play within a company. Bhimani et al. (2008) argues that current speculation concerning budgetary control systems prescribes two inverse perspectives. From one perspective, there is the view that upholds incremental change to budgetary process in terms of interfacing such forms more closely to operational prerequisites, arranging frameworks, expanding the recurrence of plan amendment and the arrangement of rolling budgets. A second perspective supports the abandoning of the budgetary control system as a method of organisational control, and supplanting it with elective systems to empower firms on their adaptability and adjustability. The second perspective arose because of the consequences caused by the conflictual role of budgets between planning and controlling. To summarize; in planning and settling choices, budgets convey specialised information between different departments and hierarchy of the organisation, whereas for control, budgets serve as benchmarks for performance measurement (Otley, 1978). According to McWatters et al. (2008) if too many boundaries are placed into performance targets, then specialised executives will settle down and stop disclosing accurate predictions of prospected occurrences, and instead rely more on budgeted figures, which ease the achievement of the targets. A clear example of this conflict is given by the marketing sector. Salespeople according to McWatters et al. (2008) are usually very specialised and can very well forecast future sales. Their predictions are very important to settle the amount of goods to be produced. Inasmuch budgetary control of sales takes place at the end of the year, and it is used as a tool to evaluate performance. Salespeople are reasonably incentivised to under-forecast future sales in order to assure a positive evaluation of their performance. Nevertheless this behaviour induces the company to have higher production costs, creating counterproductive results. However, this behavioural theory is contrasted by Van der Stede (2000) in his study on the relationship between two consequences of budgetary control: slack creation and managerial short-term orientation. In his experiment he attempts to find the relationship between rigid budgetary control and slack creation, where he defines slack as the action by business unit managers that leads them to â€Å"†¦ exploit their position of superior knowledge about business possibilities vis-a-vis corporate management to get performance targets that are deliberately lower than their best guess forecast about the future† (lukka, 1988). Van der Stede’s (2008) statistical correlation showed in fact that rigid budget control reduced slack. To strengthen his view, Bhimani et al. (2008) states that â€Å"budgeted performance measures can overcome two keys limitations of using past performance as basis for judging actual result†, meaning that, not only budgetary control is a good â€Å"judge† of performance, but it also develops better aspects in comparison to other evaluation techniques. In conclusion, this essay has highlighted the role of budgetary control and it’s functions in terms of planning the organisational control of a company, as well as its role in performance management. Motivation and communication are both key aspects in the management of performance, and both of these functions are met through the system of budgetary control, either by setting achievable incentives, or by providing the necessary requirements to improve communications within a company. Having underlined the role of budgetary control as an enhancer of performance management, it is clear to see how it has become a key mechanism for the integrative control of an organisation. Nonetheless, this essay has outlined some of the key disputes of the reliability and effectiveness of budgetary control as an adequate method of performance management. An example of this is highlighted by the fact that when managers are given strict budgeting figures, they sometimes deem the goals to be too easily achieved, and hence give a lesser input of motivation. Despite the many critics of budgetary control as a tool for the organisation of a company, scholars such as Van der Stede (2000) and Bhimani et al. (2008) have confidently stated that when a budget is set correctly, it can significantly improve an organisations performance, including the integrative function within a company; and is in fact a more effective tool than other existing methods of control.